Branching statements are used to shift the control of the program from one part within the program to another part.

Types of Branching Statements:
1. Break statement
2. Continue statement
3. Goto statement

Types of Arguments:

1. Actual Arguments: Actual arguments are the values of the variables that send at the time when functions are called.
2. Formal Arguments: Formal arguments are the variables in which the values of actual arguments that are send during function call are collected.

Recursion is the process of defining a function which calls itself from within its body. Recursive function is a function which calls itself again and again till the condition which is specified is true. In recursive functions we must give the terminating condition that is the limit upto which a function calls itself otherwise it will become an infinite loop that is a loop that never ends.
Eg of recursion : Program to calculate factorial of a number using recursion
# include
int factorial(int n)
{
if(n <= 1) return 1; else return n*factorial(n - 1); } void main() { int x = 5; printf("factorial of %d is %d",x,factorial(x)); }

Compile time is the time during which the compiler checks the errors of the program and trace out (display) errors if any. Compiling of a program is done using Alt+F9 in C and C++.

Run time (Execution time) is the time during which the compiler executes (runs) the program. Compiler executes the .exe file of program which is created after all the errors are removed. Execution of a program is done using Ctrl+F9 in C and C++.

Types of Constants:
1. String constants: String constants consist of alphanumeric characters within double quotes. Eg:”abc123”,”sachin”.
2. Integer constants: Integer constants are those which are used to store whole numbers that is numbers without decimal points. E.g.: 100,10,7 etc.
3. Character constants: Character constants are those which used to store characters are represented within single quotes. It may be a character, alphabet, single digit. E.g.: ‘7’, ‘i’ etc.
4. Boolean constants: Boolean constants represent only two values true or false.
5. Floating point constants (Real Constants): Floating point constants are used to store numbers having decimal points or i.e. real numbers. E.g.: 9.125, 7.356.

Variables are used to store the values depending upon its data type. We can change the value of the variable at any time during the execution of a program.

Constants are those whose values remain same and cannot be changed at run time. There are three types of Constants:
1. String constants
2. Numeric constants
3. Character constants

Identifier is the name given to the variable, function, array, structure etc.

There are certain rules which an identifier must follow:
1. It should not be a keyword which is available in the language.
2. First character of identifier should be an alphabet or underscore.
3. No other special character is allowed except underscore (_).
4. Both the cases that are upper case and lower case are allowed. An identifier student is not same as STUDENT.